The NHS has issued a vital health alert, warning the public that a distinct 'burning' sensation, when accompanied by other symptoms, could be a sign of a serious medical emergency known as compartment syndrome.
While tingling or 'pins and needles' are common and often harmless, the health service stresses that these sensations, combined with intense or burning muscle pain, should not be ignored. These specific symptoms, particularly if they worsen with movement, can indicate a dangerous rise in pressure within a muscle compartment.
What is compartment syndrome and what are the key signs?
Compartment syndrome occurs when pressure builds suddenly within a group of muscles, restricting blood flow and causing severe pain and potential damage to nerves and tissue. It is a condition that demands immediate medical assessment.
The syndrome most frequently affects the muscles in the lower legs and forearms, but it can develop in any muscle group in the body. Key warning signs to watch for include:
- A deep, burning ache in the muscle.
- Noticeable swelling or tightness in the affected area.
- Numbness or a persistent pins and needles sensation.
- Difficulty moving the limb or body part.
- Pain that feels disproportionate to any injury and is severe and constant.
Acute vs. chronic: Knowing when to act fast
Medical professionals classify compartment syndrome into two main types: acute and chronic.
Acute compartment syndrome is a sudden, medical emergency. It often develops rapidly after an injury, such as a fracture or severe bruise, or from a constrictive bandage or cast. If you experience sudden, severe, and unexplained pain, especially following an injury, you must call 999 immediately. Acute cases frequently require emergency surgery, called a fasciotomy, to relieve the life-threatening pressure.
Chronic (or exertional) compartment syndrome develops gradually, usually during physical activity like running. Symptoms such as cramping, burning, numbness, or swelling appear during exercise and typically subside with rest. While not an instant emergency, it requires proper diagnosis from a GP, who may refer you for tests. This form rarely needs urgent surgical intervention.
How is compartment syndrome diagnosed and treated?
If you report persistent symptoms to your GP, they may refer you for tests to confirm a diagnosis. These can include X-rays or MRI scans to rule out other conditions.
The most definitive test involves directly measuring the pressure inside the muscle compartment using a special needle, often before and after exercise. This can identify dangerously elevated pressure levels indicative of the syndrome.
The NHS describes severe pain as constant and extremely difficult to manage. This level of discomfort can cloud your thinking, make sleeping impossible, and prevent you from completing basic daily tasks like bathing or getting dressed.
For chronic cases, treatment may involve physiotherapy, altering activities, or anti-inflammatory medication. However, for acute compartment syndrome, swift surgical action is the only way to prevent permanent muscle and nerve damage.
